What is the Advantage and Disadvantage of Double Studded Adaptor

Connections More Vital Than Ever

Today, a flawed coaxial connection can severely reduce performance on digital systems like ThinNET (EtherNET), Wireless networks like WiFi and WLAN's and high-end video like SDTV, DTV and HDTV. Where just a few years ago a poorly installed CCTV connector might have yielded a 1dB or less loss on a CCTV system, the same bad connection can now yield a 10dB loss on a > 1GHz system. That could mean that only about a third of the signal would get through the connection.

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Let's review a few of the factors to be considered when building coaxial connections and cable assemblies.

Solder

This fabrication method is often considered the most labor-intensive because the connector's center contact is soldered to the cable's inner conductor. Performed properly, it is also one of the most reliable connections and can be used on cable with solid or stranded center conductors. If metals and plating of contacts and cable center conductors are compatible and solder-able, and, if the technician is skilled in this type of installation, solder connections can be expected to perform for long periods of use.

Advantages of Solder

Tooling for this method is simple: the main tool is a low-wattage solder iron with an assortment of tips. Installation is aided by the use of a decent vise to hold the work in place while applying solder. Beyond that, the materials consumed are solder and flux.

Soldering is much more tolerant of non-optimum technique.

Disadvantages of Solder

It takes more time to terminate than other methods.

'Cold' solder joints can cause problems if the connector is contact is not soldered properly to the cable, observing solder flow through the contact solder hole.

Soldered joints between the contact and the cable's center conductor can work harden if subjected to excessive vibration during use and develop micro-cracks followed by solder fatigue.

Soldering can be inconsistent and subject to failure as a result of mechanical or temperature stresses.

Care must be taken to control heat applied during the soldering process and not allow solder to wick or hot tip to distort the cable dielectric.

Results of poor technique are likely to reduce performance. This operation should be corrected or begun anew before continuing with installation.

Crimp-on

This fabrication method has always been the workhorse of the industry, and is probably the most frequently used method of terminating coax cable with connectors.

When crimping connector contacts and ferrules, careful selection of proper tools is critical. It is an investment of time and money, which increases productivity while decreasing effort. Use a ratchet crimp tool like the RFA--20; or, if you anticipate thousands of crimps over the tool's anticipated use, invest in a heavy duty, piston driven crimp handle such as the RFA--20. Select the correct crimping die for your cable, connector and crimp handle. Coaxial crimpers are designed to place the pressure of the crimp evenly around the connector.

Advantages of Crimp-on

There is no need for soldering; therefore, installation time is reduced.

It takes an experienced technician about 15 seconds to install a crimp-crimp connector, thereby greatly reducing the time required to create cable assemblies. This is very important in today's cabling market where time is of the essence and fewer technicians are being asked to maintain more and more equipment. Digital video, computer and network cabling is almost universally crimped today. If you are precutting for very large commercial jobs, substantial savings can be gained by having your supplier prepare your cables in advance.

Crimped connections, done correctly, can be superior to soldered connections.

A good crimped connection deforms the metal sufficiently past the yield point, but not too much, so that the 'spring back' keeps the connection secure, even under thermal cycling (the coefficient of expansion of the two metals might be different) and vibration.

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A good crimp connection is gas tight and won't wick: it is sometimes referred to as a 'cold weld'.

Like the solder method, it can be used on solid or stranded conductors, and provides a good mechanical and electrical connection.

Disadvantages of Crimp-on

If done poorly, the crimped contact will not seat properly within the connector taking the interface out of specification. Both signal continuity and quality will suffer.

Crimped contacts cannot be un-crimped and re-installed. In many cases, this means the entire connector assembly must be scrapped and replaced by a new one.

Unless crimped with the proper dies using professional crimp handles, crimped connections on solid wire can be poor and prone to failure.

Sometimes, although rarely and under conditions of frequent flex, stranded wire can shift within the crimped joint and loosen. This occurs more frequently with clamp connectors than connectors with crimped ferrule studs.

An important point to remember when using the crimp method is to select the proper connector for the coax cable you are using. A tight fit on the inner conductor before the crimp is necessary. The proper ratios of ferrule stud ID to cable dielectric OD and ferrule stud OD to ferrule ID is important to avoid a substandard crimp even with proper tools. Always avoid double crimping, especially on the contact; this is known as 'flagging' or 'dog ears'.

Advantages of Compression

• Simple and fast field installation using hand tools with little experience needed
• Superior pull strength compared to crimp or solder
• Superior weather seal
• Piece connector with no components to lose or improperly install

Disadvantages of Compression

• Specialized tooling required for cable preparation and connector attachment
• Limited connector to cable selections
• Higher connector cost compared to crimp or solder

Connector Attachment and Low PIM

Passive Intermodulation (PIM) is essentially interference caused by unwanted signals mixing in the passive components of a wireless network. Some wireless networks like LTE are more susceptible to PIM. Installing low PIM components can avoid this problem. There are three elements to cable assemblies for low PIM performance. The connector and cable must be designed and manufactured to exhibit low PIM performance. Most braided cables will not qualify as low PIM. The connector to cable connection is the third important element in low PIM performance. The ground connection must be robust, uniform and consistent. Although crimp connectors provide adequate electrical and mechanical performance they generally exhibit poor PIM performance. Specially designed solder connectors will perform well at reducing PIM. To achieve good grounding, specialty soldering methods and tools are required. High power inductive soldering stations apply concentrated heat to effectively melt and flow the solder without damaging the cable or connector. Due to the large size and power requirements of induction solder equipment; attachment of low PIM solder on connectors in the field is not an option. Specially designed compression connectors and installation tools for corrugated cables may be used for field installation with good low PIM results.

Installing wheels spacers is common within the tuning scene. They are a cheap and easy way to improve wheel fitment and increase the track width of your car. However, they are also a fast and easy way to ruin the geometry of your car and can badly affect your handling.

The Negatives

The main issue with a wheel spacer is that it moves the wheel to a wider position whilst the rest of the suspension arms remain in the same place. In particular, the king pin inclination axis remains in the same place. Therefore, fitting a wheel spacer moves the wheel outboard and alters the scrub radius of the car. It is important to know whether your car currently has negative or positive scrub radius and ideally how much it has. Fitting a wheel spacer will increase the positive scrub radius at the front wheels which has some unfavourable consequences.

If your car already has a bit of positive scrub radius then the wheel spacer will increase it. An increase in positive scrub radius increases the forces on the steering rack under braking conditions. Any bumps in the road will also be amplified through the steering wheel, making the steering jerky and more unpredictable. Twitching wheels when braking can cause the tyre to lose grip and ultimately can cause the wheels to lock up and slide. An increase in positive scrub radius also causes the wheel to gain positive camber when the wheels are being turned, reducing grip in corners on the front wheels and producing understeer.

If your car has the more favourable set up of negative scrub radius then installing a wheel spacer can cause bigger issues. The outward movement of the wheel can make a negative scrub radius become zero. This is the worst position for it to be in. A zero scrub radius can cause squirm. This is where a scrubbing action occurs on both front tyres in opposite directions which can create unpredictable handling in corners and can lead to understeer too.

Secondly, installing wheel spacers on a car increases the leverage on the wheel bearing. The larger the spacer, the larger the leverage becomes. This reduces the life of the wheel bearing as they are not made to take leverage forces and can therefore wear faster, increasing rolling resistance and power loss of the car.

Finally, the wheel spacer moves the wheel further away from the damper mounting point. This means that the wheel will have a larger effect upon the damper and will act upon it with more leverage. This effectively makes the spring and damper softer and less effective on the wheel. This means that the car can roll more on corner entry and exit and feel generally softer out on track or on the road.

The Positives

However, there are some positive aspects to fitting wheel spacers to your car that can prove beneficial. Moving the wheels outboard increases the track width of the car. The increase in track width also lowers the roll centre of the car and therefore increases the amount of cornering force that the car is able to carry through its tyres. Due to being able to manage an increase in cornering G force, it means that it is possible to corner at higher speeds.

Installing the spacer on the rear wheels means that the negative aspects take less effect because the scrub radius effects are not present at the rear wheels. Therefore if your car is suffering from oversteer then installing wheel spacers might be a quick and cheap way of reducing that.

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