Fertilizers for Maize - Crops

Crop nutrition advice for growing corn&#;(Zea mays)

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It is planted in various regions, with the Corn Belt&#;comprising states like Iowa, Illinois, Nebraska, Minnesota, and Indiana&#;being a major production area.

The United States consistently ranks as one of the world's largest producers of corn and corn is grown on millions of acres across the US.

In the United States, corn is one of the most widely cultivated crops, and its production plays a crucial role in the U.S. economy, food supply. In addition to food supply and feed production corn is also processed into corn oil, corn syrup, and ethanol.

What soil type, pH and climate does corn prefer?

• Corn prefers a soil pH between 6.0 and 7.2, but it also performs well in higher pH calcareous soils.
• It thrives on well-drained soils with proper aeration, with loamy soil (loam &#; a mix of sand, silt and clay) often considered ideal as it provides good fertility, water retention and drainage.
• On sandy soils, there is greater risk of nutrient leaching for anions like nitrate and sulfate as well as some cations like potassium and magnesium.
• Corn is a warm weather crop and therefore performs best when temperatures during the growing season range between 77 and 91 °F and is typically grown at lower to mid-elevations in the US.
• While relatively drought-tolerant, corn requires adequate moisture during key growth stages such as flowering and grain filling with water stress during critical stages negatively impacting yields.
• Ensuring adequate potassium nutrition can be one strategy to help a corn crop cope with water stress.

What nutrients are most important for corn yield and quality?

While nitrogen is generally considered one of the most important nutrients for corn growers along the corn belt in the US, adequate and balanced fertility (included all 16 essential plant nutrients) are essential for crop growth and ultimately yield. Recommendations typically include considerations for the three primary macronutrients&#;nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K)&#;as well as secondary macronutrients and micronutrients.

• Nitrogen and potassium are the nutrients absorbed by corn in the largest amount. The period of intensive uptake of these nutrient begins from the moment of appearance of the 6th leaf (V6) and continues through early reproductive stages (VT-R1).
• For nitrogen, split applications may be recommended to ensure a steady supply throughout the growing season, supporting robust plant development and grain formation.
• In addition to nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K), secondary macronutrients such as calcium, magnesium and sulfur are all essential for corn production. Secondary macronutrients play vital roles in various physiological processes, contributing to plant structure and overall health.

It&#;s crucial for corn growers to work closely with agronomists and utilize soil testing to tailor fertilizer applications to their specific field conditions. The goal is to achieve a balanced and targeted nutrient supply, promoting healthy crop development, maximizing yield, and ensuring long-term soil fertility. Additionally, sustainable practices such as precision agriculture and the use of environmentally friendly fertilizers may also be recommended to support both productivity and environmental stewardship.

Nutrient uptake 

NP2O5K2OMgSO3Ca Kg/haKg/haKg/haKg/haKg/haKg/ha Average unit intake in kg t -1 dry grain + straw 20---

 Table 1. Nutrient uptake by maize grown for grain [Grzebisz, ] 

Dynamic of nutrient uptake over a crop season in corn

Role of nutrients

Key parameterNP2O5K2OMgCaS Yield++++++++ Number of grain in cob+++++++ Protein content +++++++++ Vegetative growth +++++++++

Nutrient deficiencies

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NutrientDescription NitrogenLeaf symptoms: younger leaves turn pale-yellow or light green, uniformly throughout the leaves. Early senescence of tips and mid-ribs. Later, V-shaped yellowing may appear on the leaves&#; tips. Yellowing begins on the older lower leaves and progresses up the plant. Stalks are thin and spindly. Flowering- delayed. 
Low vegetative vigor. Root system becomes less prolific, slowing uptake of other nutrients. Reduced yield due to incomplete cob-tip kernel development. PhosphorousIncidence: Insufficient P availability, and reduced uptake by roots due to cold, wet, or compacted soil.
Leaf symptoms: Dark green leaves; dark purple/yellow chlorosis, advancing along purple color. Reduced yields, delayed maturity. Slow growth rate, severe dieback.  PotassiumIncidence: Insufficient potassium availability. Generally caused by a soil imbalance between K+, Ca2+ , Mg2+ and NH4+  Leaf symptoms: Dark green plants, show, mainly on their lower leaves, chlorosis along the leaf margins, developing to brown striping and necrosis. In older plants-browning of leaf tips and margins.&#;Yield: Reduced, due to smaller and cob-tip defective kernels.  CalciumLeaf symptoms: symptoms start on young leaves, which exhibit a light green colour or whitish spots or streaky lesions and are often hooked back.  MagnesiumLeaf symptoms: Always appear on older leaves. Green-yellow plants with dark yellow interveinal. Chlorosis, advancing to rust-brown or purple necrosis.  SulfurLeaf symptoms: Yellow striping pattern on the leaves. Firstly, on the newest leaves, without necrosis. Prominent interveinal chlorosis; veins are prominent over the leaves&#; length. Low vegetative vigor.
At advanced stages: plant stunting.   BoronLeaf symptoms: Yellow, white or transparent necrotic spots. Stalks stunted, due to shortened internodes. Yield: much reduced due to smaller and defective cobs.  CopperLeaf symptoms: young leaves develop a bluish green tint and come out spiraled of the whorl. Old leaves&#; tips  and edges wilt, turn white-grey and may die. 
Some necrosis of older leaf edges, like in K deficiency. Growing points: Dieback, often preceded by shortened internodes. Stalk: soft and limp. IronLeaf symptoms: Chlorosis of interveinal areas, of young leaves of the summer flush, while veins and midrib remain green. At severe cases, the leaves may become almost white. Reduction in size.  ManganeseLeaf symptoms: Young and medium formed leaves become olive-green, and develop uniform, white-yellow stripes in the midsection of the leaf. The stripes become necrotic with the dead tissue falling out of the leaf. Symptoms are like those for iron, and leaf tissue analysis is needed to confirm Mn deficiency.  ZincLeaf symptoms: Pale yellowish green chlorotic stripe near the lower half of the leaf, or on each side of the midrib, advancing to pale brown or gray necrosis. Most prevalent at growth stages V2&#;V8. 
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Nitrogen  deficiency                        Phosphorus deficiency

   

Potassium deficiencies

  

Magnesium deficiency                   Zinc deficiency

 

Sulfur  deficiencies                                  

 

How do nutrient management plans meet the needs of various varieties of corn?

Corn cultivation in the United States involves a diverse range of corn varieties (dent or field corn, waxy corn, popping corn, flour corn and high-oil corn) each tailored to specific purposes and growing conditions.  For sweet corn, Sugar Enhanced (SE) and Supersweet (Sh2) types are common varieties, however, it&#;s important to note that farmers often select corn hybrids based on factors such as local climate, soil characteristics, disease resistance, and specific trait requirements.

Each variety can have varying agronomic needs based on factors such as genetics, traits, maturity, and intended use. It&#;s crucial for farmers to work closely with agronomists, seed advisors, and extension services to select the most suitable corn varieties for their specific conditions and management practices. Tailoring agronomic practices to the characteristics of chosen varieties can contribute to successful corn production and maximize yields. Additionally, ongoing research and advancements in breeding technologies continue to influence the agronomic landscape for corn production.

Additionally, new hybrids are continually being developed, and the popularity of hybrids can change based on evolving agricultural practices and technologies. For the most current information on popular dent corn hybrids in the U.S., it is recommended to consult with local agricultural extension services, seed dealers, or seed companies.

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