Shrink Wrap FAQs

What is Shrink Wrap?

Shrink film is a protective wrapping for articles of merchandise; it consists of clear plastic film that is wound about the product and then shrunk by heat to form a sealed, tight-fitting package. This type of packaging is also called shrink package.

Common Uses for Shrink Wrap:

Shrink wrapping is widely used across the spectrum of industries and is finding its way into new segments daily. The retail appeal and security offered insures growth for the future.

Shrink Wrapping Printed Materials -This is still the largest of all market segments. Once dominated by PVC films, the introduction of the low shrink forcelow shrink force polyolefin has dramatically eroded the PVC domination of this market. Businesses involved in this segment range from small job shop printers up to large business form producers. Gone are the days of contracting these jobs out, as most now perform the packaging within their own facilities.

 Shrink Wrap Film For Toys, Games, and Sporting Goods - Shrink is used here to assure product integrity and offer the consumer visual appeal. Plastic models, puzzles, and games all benefit from the security of shrink film.

 Shrink Packaging For Hardware and Houseware - A broad category with a tremendous variety of product being overwrapped. From tools to plastic bowls, shrink fulfills the need once served by corrugated and blister packaging.

 Shrink Wrap For Packaged Foods - Major applications include frozen pizza, ice cream, and frozen foods. The fastest growing trend is the process of multi-packing products for sale at wholesale type stores. The use of shrink offers the benefits of enhanced visual appeal, tamper evidence and prolonged shelf life, through the prevention of freezer burn.

 Shrink Wrapped Stationary, Cards and Gift Wrap - PVC films are still widely used to protect these easily damaged products and improve appearance. Today&#;s soft shrink films afford the opportunity to introduce polyolefin films into this market.

 Shrink Wrap Packaging For Pharmaceuticals - Spurred by the need for tamper-evidence, this market has grown in recent years. Lower cost alternatives, i.e. PVC shrink bands, control most of the individual product need, however, shrink offers the ability reduce costs through multipacking with film vs. other packaging alternatives.

 Shrink Wrap For Video Tapes and CD's - These products all benefit from some sort of film overwrap. Video is predominately shrink wrapped where CD is usually done with a non-shrink process such as tuck and fold. More and more CD producers have turned to shrink as they are updating equipment.

What Does Shrink Wrap Cost?

The end-user of shrink film purchases the product by means of roll cost. A roll of 60 gauge film costs $XX.xx. Many times a person would like to know how much the amount of film on each package is costing them.

For example; A small manufacturer is overwrapping his product on a manual L-bar sealer. His current supplier has recommended he use 8" centerfold film in a 60 ga. material. 

• The dimensions of his package are 2" tall x 4" x 8".
• Obviously, he is wrapping his package by orientating it with the 8" side in the machine direction. In doing so, each cycle is producing a scrap tail 11" long by approximately 2". That calculates out to 22 square inches of scrap per package. (2 layers of scrap, 1" wide. Centerfold!)
• Industry standard put-up is feet of film per roll. That equates to 52,440 inches in length. (Feet x 12 = number of inches)
• Dividing 52,440 by 11 (bag length or cut-off) equals . That is the maximum number of packages obtained from each roll of film.
• Dividing the price paid per roll of film by determines the cost per package.
• Remember that 22 square inches of film wasted each cycle? Multiplied by (total # of packages per roll) the total amount of wasted material is 104,874 square inches.
• In the case of an 8" centerfold, a roll with a total area of 839,040 square inches, his current scrap waste is 12.5% of the total amount of film purchased!
• Let&#;s re-orientate this package and check the savings.
• Turning the package 900 results in the need of 12" film. The cut-off however is reduced to 7" That results in a total waste of 14 sq. inches of film per package. The net result is 35% less scrap!

With the new situation, the total amount of scrap generated equals 8% of film purchased. By simply turning the product this shrink wrap customer has saved 4% per roll. In addition to the savings this shrink wrap customer will benefit a higher package yield from a single roll ( packages / per roll) and increased production speed. (The new package is 35% shorter than the old method allowing faster through-put.)

What is the Difference between Stretch and Shrink Wrap?

Shrink Film: A film that is sealed around a product and then heated to shrink to the product.

Stretch Film: A film that is stretched and wrapped around a load. The stretch film then creates tension around the load and keeps it from shifting while being transported.

How Shrink Wrap is Made

All of our shrink wrap products are coextruded films. Polymer resins are loaded into hoppers at the rear of extrusion equipment. These resins are then pushed through a heated barrel by a screw. When forced down the barrel the resins are melted and compacted then finally forced through a circular die.

We use multiple extruders to feed into one die. The resin from each of these extruders is then layered over one another as the melt exits the die. This results in a multilayered product.

The extruded structure in the form of a tube is then turned upward, then back downward and filled with air. This process converts the tube into a bubble. This bubble is then stretched on both axis, horizontally by the air flow and vertically by means of a set of pinch rollers drawing the tube down. The act of stretching the film tube on both axis is known as bi-axial orientation. A bi-axial orientation gives the film many of the required strengths of a shrink film.

The pinch rollers collapse the bubble into sheet form where it is then rolled onto a core. This roll of material is called a mill log.

The mill logs are then converted into the finished product. Conversion entails slitting of the film to width and folding in the case of centerfold film. Perforation is completed during this conversion process.

Information On Shrink Wrap Systems

Choosing the right shrink wrap equipment for your packaging needs is a very important step in designing an effective and efficient packaging operation. There are many different types of shrink wrap systems designed for different applications, performance levels, and budget. When shopping for a shrink wrap system, take into consideration what your current needs are now and what they may be in the future.

Questions to Consider Before Purchasing A Shrink Wrap System

What do you want to shrink wrap?

There are many types of shrink wrap film that are suited for specific types of applications. Shrink wrap films should be considered when shopping for a shrink wrapper system to ensure no shrink film issues arise later.

Shrink wrap packaging speed?

Shrink wrapping systems vary widely in the packaging speed. Know your wrapping output needs and compare systems. For example some shrink wrappers pack several products an hour while others pack 35 products per minute and more. Once volume levels are determined, degree of automation can be considered as well, choices are: manual shrink wrappers, semi-automatic shrink wrappers or fully automatic shrink wrapper systems.

Shrink wrap system in the BIG Picture.

Is the shrink wrapper to be integrated into an automated packaging production line? If so, not all shrink wrap systems are suited for integrated packaging operations and add on systems like conveyors will need to be carefully selected for flexibility and suitability for the packaging processes involved.

Shrink wrap packaging size?

Like most things, shrink wrap systems, machines and applicators come in different sizes. If your packaging units are large, likely your shrink wrap system will also.

Do you have work space limitations?

Shrink wrap machines come in different sizes and mobility. For example if you have small space, small items to package and need the system to move as your workspace demands, you may want to consider a compact straight l-bar sealer as your shrink wrap system of choice.

Shrink Wrap Sizing

Shrink wrap sizing also known as package sizing is the act of determining the appropriate size film for overwrapping of a specific package with shrink film. Many factors must be considered when sizing the film requirements. The actual product dimensions, the orientation of the package as it will introduce into the film and the type of equipment to be used are all required information. Failure to obtain this information or incorrect specifications may result in inappropriate film size being calculated.

Each package has three dimensions which must be known. These measurements should be made with the orientation (positioning) of the package as it enters the film identified.

• Product Width: The dimension of the product in the Transverse (parallel to the cut-off or cross seal) direction.
• Product Length: The dimension of the product in the Machine (parallel to the fold of the film, in cases of centerfold film) direction.
• Product Height: The actual height of the product. In cases of products with uneven surfaces, the height should be considered from the bottom to the highest point of the package.
• Product Orientation: When measuring a product for film sizing, remember to use the longer dimension as the product width (bearing in mind, it must not surpass the seal dimensions of the equipment being used).

• Less shrink waste: By orienting the package using the shortest possible dimension as the product length results in the smallest amount of waste, in cases of centerfold use or side seal applications.
• Increased packaging speed: A shorter product length results in faster cycling of product's into and out of the sealing area. Over the course of a production shift this incremental time savings can produce large dividends.
• Increased film roll bag yield: Although a product requires the same square inches of film regardless of orientation, the amount of scrap produced is decreased.

Another consideration when recommending film size is production speed. In many cases, the formula to calculate required film size turns out not to be a whole number. Although 1/2" increments are available, most users opt for a standard inch size, usually rounding down in an attempt to save money. Many times this practice actually costs more than the cost had they rounded up and increased the film size. By trying to use the narrowest film size possible, users may actually make an operator's job more difficult, reducing production speed and increasing the overall package cost.

Once package orientation and dimensions are established, the next consideration is the type of equipment upon which the package is to be wrapped. Specific types of equipment dictate the use of either center folded or single wound film. Furthermore, some types of machinery demand the use of wider film sizes than others due to the mechanics of their operation.

When using the film sizing formulas to calculate film sizes, be sure to use the formula for the type of equipment it is to be used on.

IPS Packaging is a leading provider of packaging supplies, packaging equipment and packaging solutions. If you would like to know more about IPS Packaging, call 800.277. or contact our Sales team.

Polymer used to bundle boxes on a pallet for transport

This article is about heat shrink film. For tubing, see Heat-shrink tubing

Grocery vegetables wrapped with a plastic shrink film. Shrink wrapped ball of twine

Shrink wrap, also shrink film, is a material made up of polymer plastic film. When heat is applied, it shrinks tightly over whatever it is covering.[1][2][3] Heat can be applied with a handheld heat gun (electric or gas), or the product and film can pass through a heat tunnel on a conveyor.

Composition

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The most commonly used shrink wrap is polyolefin.[citation needed] It is available in a variety of thicknesses, clarities, strengths and shrink ratios. The two primary films can be either crosslinked, or non crosslinked. Other shrink films include PVC, Polyethylene, Polypropylene, and several other compositions.

Coextrusions and laminations are available for specific mechanical and barrier properties for shrink wrapping food. For example, five layers might be configuration as EP/EVA/copolyester/EVA/EP, where EP is ethylene-propylene and EVA is ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer.[1]

PVC is the most used shrink wrap, due to its light weight, and inexpensive capabilities. PVC is durable, and can be used for many different purposes.[dubious &#; discuss] However, it should be used in a well-ventilated area, as it can give off a strong, harmful odor. PVC has been banned in many countries, due to the harmful products created by its decomposition. PVC has some negative qualities including, it is not good for bundling, leaves carbon deposits, and has a low shrink force.[citation needed]

Polyolefin or POF shrink wrap is a premium shrink wrap, as it is extremely durable and versatile. POF is puncture resistant, and has a strong seal strength, which allows it to be used for irregularly shaped items. POF is available in 35, 45, 60, 75, and 100, 1 mil gauges. POF shrink wrap is made from 100% recyclable materials, and is FDA approved. It has great clarity, and a glossy self-appearance, as appearance is critical. POF is great for bundling multiple items together, and has the ability to shrink completely and quickly.

PE, a polyolefin, is used in several forms of flexible protective packaging. There are 3 different forms PE can take place in. These include Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE), Linear Low-Density Polyethylene (LLDPE), and High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE). For shrink wrapping LDPE would be the best choice, as it has a higher strength, and more durability for heavier items. These wraps can also have graphic images printed on them, and LDPE provides the greatest quality. PE gauges can go all the way up to , allowing for a great range of gauges. The disadvantage for PE is that it does not have a great shrink rate, and has lower clarity than other wraps.

Manufacture

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A machine designed to continuously wrap up to 35 packets per minute

A shrink film can be made to shrink in one direction (unidirectional or mono-directional) or in both directions (bidirectional).

Films are stretched when they are warm to orient the molecules from their initial random pattern. Cooling the film sets the film's characteristics until it is reheated: this causes it to shrink back toward its initial dimensions.

Prior to orientation, the molecules of a sheet or tube are randomly intertwined like a bowl of spaghetti. The molecules are coiled and twisted and have no particular alignment. However, when a draw force is imposed, the amorphous regions of the chains are straightened and aligned to the direction of orientation. By applying proper cooling, the molecules will be frozen in this state until sufficient heat energy is applied to allow the chains to shrink back. One can visualize this phenomenon by stretching a rubber band and dipping it into liquid nitrogen so as to freeze in the stretched state. The band will remain in this state as long as it is kept at sufficiently cold temperatures. However, when enough heat energy is applied, the rubber band will shrink back to its original relaxed state.

Orientation on a commercial scale can be achieved using either of two processes: a tenterframe or a bubble process. Tenterframe technology is used to produce a variety of &#;heat-set&#; products, with biaxially oriented polypropylene (BOPP) being the most common (heat-setting is a process whereby a film is reheated in a constrained state such that the shrink properties are destroyed).

The second commercial process is the bubble process, sometimes referred to as the tubular process. In this process, a primary tube is produced by either blowing or casting the tube onto an external or internal mandrel, respectively. It is common to use water to help cool the primary tube at this point. After the primary tube has been cooled, it is then reheated and inflated into a second bubble using air much like a balloon is blown. Upon inflation, the tube is oriented in both directions simultaneously.

The family of shrink films has broadened over the years with many multi-layer constructions being sold today. Shrink film attributes include shrink, sealability, optics, toughness, and slip. With regard to shrink properties, there are onset temperature, free shrink, shrink force, shrink temperature range, memory, and overall package appearance.

Use

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Shrink wrapped helicopters for transport Shrink film wrap being applied on a soft drink packing line Shrink wrapped pack of bottles with ends (bulls eyes) as handles

Shrink wrap is applied over or around the intended item, often by automated equipment. It is then heated by a heat gun or sent through a shrink tunnel or oven for shrinking.

Shrink wrap can be supplied in several forms. Flat rollstock can be wrapped around a product, often with heat sealing to tack the film together. Centerfolded film is supplied on a roll with the plastic pre-folded in half, product is placed in the center portion, the remaining three edges are sealed to form a bag, and the package then heated which causes the bag to shrink and conform to the product. Pre-formed plastic shrink bags have one end open, the product is placed in the bag, sealed, and sent for heat shrinking.

Shrink wrap can be used to wrap buildings. It can wrap roofs after hurricanes, earthquakes, tornadoes and other disasters. Shrink wrap can be used for environmental containments to facilitate safe removal of asbestos, lead and other hazards.

Shrink wrap is sometimes used to wrap up books, especially adult-oriented ones and premium comics and manga, mainly to preserve their mint condition, as casual previewing prior to purchase wears or damages stock, rendering it unsaleable.

Vegetables such as cucumbers can be individually shrink wrapped to extend the shelf life.[4]

Software on carriers such as CDs or DVDs are often sold in boxes that are packaged in shrink wrap. The licenses of such software are typically put inside the boxes, making it impossible to read them before purchasing. This has raised questions about the validity of such shrink wrap licenses.

Shrink wrap is commonly used as an overwrap on many types of packaging, including cartons, boxes, beverage cans and pallet loads. Foam cushioning can be held securely in shrink film, eliminating use of a traditional corrugated box.[5] A variety of products may be enclosed in shrink wrap to stabilize the products, unitize them, keep them clean, or add tamper resistance. It can be the primary covering for some foods such as cheese, meats, vegetables and plants. Heat-shrink tubing is used to seal electric wiring.

Shrink bands are applied over parts of packages for tamper resistance or labels. It can be used as a Tamper-evident band.

It can also combine two packages or parts into a Multi-pack.

Shrink wrap is also commonly used within more industrial applications using a heavier weight shrink film. The principles remain the same with a heat shrinking process using a hand held heat gun. The following shrink wrap applications are becoming more widely used and accepted:

• Industrial shrink wrap containment of large plant equipment/components,
• Scaffold wrap containment of buildings/bridges,
• Building temporary shrink wrap structures for storage or other business operational uses,
• Marine shrink wrapping of boats and other vehicles,
• Shrink wrapping of palletized freight[6]

• Disaster contingency and relief projects such as damaged buildings/roofs.

See also

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References

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Further reading

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• Soroka, W, "Fundamentals of Packaging Technology", IoPP, , ISBN 1--25-4
• Yam, K. L., "Encyclopedia of Packaging Technology", John Wiley & Sons, , ISBN 978-0-470--6

ASTM standards

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• D882 Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Thin Plastic Sheeting
• D883 Standard Terminology Relating to Plastics
• D Standard Test Method for Linear Dimensional Changes of Nonrigid Thermoplastic Sheeting or Film at Elevated Temperature
• D Standard Test Method for Static and Kinetic Coefficients of Friction of Plastic Film and Sheeting
• D Standard Test Method for Propagation Tear Resistance of Plastic Film and Thin Sheeting by Pendulum Method
• D Standard Test Method for Unrestrained Linear Thermal Shrinkage of Plastic Film and Sheeting
• D Standard Test Method for Shrink Tension and Orientation Release Stress of Plastic Film and Thin Sheeting

Patent classifications

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• B65D71/10 Wrappers shrunk by heat or under tension, e.g. stretch films or films tensioned by compressed articles and provided with inserts [1]
• B65B61/02 Auxiliary devices, not otherwise provided for, for operating on sheets, blanks, webs, binding material, containers or packages for perforating, scoring, slitting, or applying code or date marks on material prior to packaging [2]

Suggested reading:
4 Advice to Choose a Self Sticking PET Protection Film

Common Uses for Shrink Wrap:

Shrink wrapping is widely used across the spectrum of industries and is finding its way into new segments daily. The retail appeal and security offered insures growth for the future.

Shrink Wrapping Printed Materials -This is still the largest of all market segments. Once dominated by PVC films, the introduction of the low shrink force polyolefin has dramatically eroded the PVC domination of this market. Businesses involved in this segment range from small job shop printers up to large business form producers. Gone are the days of contracting these jobs out, as most now perform the packaging within their own facilities.

 Shrink Wrap Film For Toys, Games, and Sporting Goods - Shrink is used here to assure product integrity and offer the consumer visual appeal. Plastic models, puzzles, and games all benefit from the security of shrink film.

 Shrink Packaging For Hardware and Houseware - A broad category with a tremendous variety of product being overwrapped. From tools to plastic bowls, shrink fulfills the need once served by corrugated and blister packaging.

 Shrink Wrap For Packaged Foods - Major applications include frozen pizza, ice cream, and frozen foods. The fastest growing trend is the process of multi-packing products for sale at wholesale type stores. The use of shrink offers the benefits of enhanced visual appeal, tamper evidence and prolonged shelf life, through the prevention of freezer burn.

 Shrink Wrapped Stationary, Cards and Gift Wrap - PVC films are still widely used to protect these easily damaged products and improve appearance. Today&#;s soft shrink films afford the opportunity to introduce polyolefin films into this market.

 Shrink Wrap Packaging For Pharmaceuticals - Spurred by the need for tamper-evidence, this market has grown in recent years. Lower cost alternatives, i.e. PVC shrink bands, control most of the individual product need, however, shrink offers the ability reduce costs through multipacking with film vs. other packaging alternatives.

 Shrink Wrap For Video Tapes and CD's - These products all benefit from some sort of film overwrap. Video is predominately shrink wrapped where CD is usually done with a non-shrink process such as tuck and fold. More and more CD producers have turned to shrink as they are updating equipment.

What Does Shrink Wrap Cost?

The end-user of shrink film purchases the product by means of roll cost. A roll of 60 gauge film costs $XX.xx. Many times a person would like to know how much the amount of film on each package is costing them.

For example; A small manufacturer is overwrapping his product on a manual L-bar sealer. His current supplier has recommended he use 8" centerfold film in a 60 ga. material. 

• The dimensions of his package are 2" tall x 4" x 8".
• Obviously, he is wrapping his package by orientating it with the 8" side in the machine direction. In doing so, each cycle is producing a scrap tail 11" long by approximately 2". That calculates out to 22 square inches of scrap per package. (2 layers of scrap, 1" wide. Centerfold!)
• Industry standard put-up is feet of film per roll. That equates to 52,440 inches in length. (Feet x 12 = number of inches)
• Dividing 52,440 by 11 (bag length or cut-off) equals . That is the maximum number of packages obtained from each roll of film.
• Dividing the price paid per roll of film by determines the cost per package.
• Remember that 22 square inches of film wasted each cycle? Multiplied by (total # of packages per roll) the total amount of wasted material is 104,874 square inches.
• In the case of an 8" centerfold, a roll with a total area of 839,040 square inches, his current scrap waste is 12.5% of the total amount of film purchased!
• Let&#;s re-orientate this package and check the savings.
• Turning the package 900 results in the need of 12" film. The cut-off however is reduced to 7" That results in a total waste of 14 sq. inches of film per package. The net result is 35% less scrap!

With the new situation, the total amount of scrap generated equals 8% of film purchased. By simply turning the product this shrink wrap customer has saved 4% per roll. In addition to the savings this shrink wrap customer will benefit a higher package yield from a single roll ( packages / per roll) and increased production speed. (The new package is 35% shorter than the old method allowing faster through-put.)

What is the Difference between Stretch and Shrink Wrap?

Shrink Film: A film that is sealed around a product and then heated to shrink to the product.

Stretch Film: A film that is stretched and wrapped around a load. The stretch film then creates tension around the load and keeps it from shifting while being transported.

How Shrink Wrap is Made

All of our shrink wrap products are coextruded films. Polymer resins are loaded into hoppers at the rear of extrusion equipment. These resins are then pushed through a heated barrel by a screw. When forced down the barrel the resins are melted and compacted then finally forced through a circular die.

We use multiple extruders to feed into one die. The resin from each of these extruders is then layered over one another as the melt exits the die. This results in a multilayered product.

The extruded structure in the form of a tube is then turned upward, then back downward and filled with air. This process converts the tube into a bubble. This bubble is then stretched on both axis, horizontally by the air flow and vertically by means of a set of pinch rollers drawing the tube down. The act of stretching the film tube on both axis is known as bi-axial orientation. A bi-axial orientation gives the film many of the required strengths of a shrink film.

The pinch rollers collapse the bubble into sheet form where it is then rolled onto a core. This roll of material is called a mill log.

The mill logs are then converted into the finished product. Conversion entails slitting of the film to width and folding in the case of centerfold film. Perforation is completed during this conversion process.

Information On Shrink Wrap Systems

Choosing the right shrink wrap equipment for your packaging needs is a very important step in designing an effective and efficient packaging operation. There are many different types of shrink wrap systems designed for different applications, performance levels, and budget. When shopping for a shrink wrap system, take into consideration what your current needs are now and what they may be in the future.

Questions to Consider Before Purchasing A Shrink Wrap System

What do you want to shrink wrap?

There are many types of shrink wrap film that are suited for specific types of applications. Shrink wrap films should be considered when shopping for a shrink wrapper system to ensure no shrink film issues arise later.

Shrink wrap packaging speed?

Shrink wrapping systems vary widely in the packaging speed. Know your wrapping output needs and compare systems. For example some shrink wrappers pack several products an hour while others pack 35 products per minute and more. Once volume levels are determined, degree of automation can be considered as well, choices are: manual shrink wrappers, semi-automatic shrink wrappers or fully automatic shrink wrapper systems.

Shrink wrap system in the BIG Picture.

Is the shrink wrapper to be integrated into an automated packaging production line? If so, not all shrink wrap systems are suited for integrated packaging operations and add on systems like conveyors will need to be carefully selected for flexibility and suitability for the packaging processes involved.

Shrink wrap packaging size?

Like most things, shrink wrap systems, machines and applicators come in different sizes. If your packaging units are large, likely your shrink wrap system will also.

Do you have work space limitations?

Shrink wrap machines come in different sizes and mobility. For example if you have small space, small items to package and need the system to move as your workspace demands, you may want to consider a compact straight l-bar sealer as your shrink wrap system of choice.

Shrink Wrap Sizing

Shrink wrap sizing also known as package sizing is the act of determining the appropriate size film for overwrapping of a specific package with shrink film. Many factors must be considered when sizing the film requirements. The actual product dimensions, the orientation of the package as it will introduce into the film and the type of equipment to be used are all required information. Failure to obtain this information or incorrect specifications may result in inappropriate film size being calculated.

Each package has three dimensions which must be known. These measurements should be made with the orientation (positioning) of the package as it enters the film identified.

• Product Width: The dimension of the product in the Transverse (parallel to the cut-off or cross seal) direction.
• Product Length: The dimension of the product in the Machine (parallel to the fold of the film, in cases of centerfold film) direction.
• Product Height: The actual height of the product. In cases of products with uneven surfaces, the height should be considered from the bottom to the highest point of the package.
• Product Orientation: When measuring a product for film sizing, remember to use the longer dimension as the product width (bearing in mind, it must not surpass the seal dimensions of the equipment being used).

• Less shrink waste: By orienting the package using the shortest possible dimension as the product length results in the smallest amount of waste, in cases of centerfold use or side seal applications.
• Increased packaging speed: A shorter product length results in faster cycling of product's into and out of the sealing area. Over the course of a production shift this incremental time savings can produce large dividends.
• Increased film roll bag yield: Although a product requires the same square inches of film regardless of orientation, the amount of scrap produced is decreased.

Another consideration when recommending film size is production speed. In many cases, the formula to calculate required film size turns out not to be a whole number. Although 1/2" increments are available, most users opt for a standard inch size, usually rounding down in an attempt to save money. Many times this practice actually costs more than the cost had they rounded up and increased the film size. By trying to use the narrowest film size possible, users may actually make an operator's job more difficult, reducing production speed and increasing the overall package cost.

Once package orientation and dimensions are established, the next consideration is the type of equipment upon which the package is to be wrapped. Specific types of equipment dictate the use of either center folded or single wound film. Furthermore, some types of machinery demand the use of wider film sizes than others due to the mechanics of their operation.

When using the film sizing formulas to calculate film sizes, be sure to use the formula for the type of equipment it is to be used on.

IPS Packaging is a leading provider of packaging supplies, packaging equipment and packaging solutions. If you would like to know more about IPS Packaging, call 800.277. or contact our Sales team.

Polymer used to bundle boxes on a pallet for transport

This article is about heat shrink film. For tubing, see Heat-shrink tubing

Grocery vegetables wrapped with a plastic shrink film. Shrink wrapped ball of twine

Shrink wrap, also shrink film, is a material made up of polymer plastic film. When heat is applied, it shrinks tightly over whatever it is covering.[1][2][3] Heat can be applied with a handheld heat gun (electric or gas), or the product and film can pass through a heat tunnel on a conveyor.

Composition

[

edit

]

The most commonly used shrink wrap is polyolefin.[citation needed] It is available in a variety of thicknesses, clarities, strengths and shrink ratios. The two primary films can be either crosslinked, or non crosslinked. Other shrink films include PVC, Polyethylene, Polypropylene, and several other compositions.

Coextrusions and laminations are available for specific mechanical and barrier properties for shrink wrapping food. For example, five layers might be configuration as EP/EVA/copolyester/EVA/EP, where EP is ethylene-propylene and EVA is ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer.[1]

PVC is the most used shrink wrap, due to its light weight, and inexpensive capabilities. PVC is durable, and can be used for many different purposes.[dubious &#; discuss] However, it should be used in a well-ventilated area, as it can give off a strong, harmful odor. PVC has been banned in many countries, due to the harmful products created by its decomposition. PVC has some negative qualities including, it is not good for bundling, leaves carbon deposits, and has a low shrink force.[citation needed]

Polyolefin or POF shrink wrap is a premium shrink wrap, as it is extremely durable and versatile. POF is puncture resistant, and has a strong seal strength, which allows it to be used for irregularly shaped items. POF is available in 35, 45, 60, 75, and 100, 1 mil gauges. POF shrink wrap is made from 100% recyclable materials, and is FDA approved. It has great clarity, and a glossy self-appearance, as appearance is critical. POF is great for bundling multiple items together, and has the ability to shrink completely and quickly.

PE, a polyolefin, is used in several forms of flexible protective packaging. There are 3 different forms PE can take place in. These include Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE), Linear Low-Density Polyethylene (LLDPE), and High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE). For shrink wrapping LDPE would be the best choice, as it has a higher strength, and more durability for heavier items. These wraps can also have graphic images printed on them, and LDPE provides the greatest quality. PE gauges can go all the way up to , allowing for a great range of gauges. The disadvantage for PE is that it does not have a great shrink rate, and has lower clarity than other wraps.

Manufacture

[

If you want to learn more, please visit our website embrace shrink label.

edit

]

A machine designed to continuously wrap up to 35 packets per minute

A shrink film can be made to shrink in one direction (unidirectional or mono-directional) or in both directions (bidirectional).

Films are stretched when they are warm to orient the molecules from their initial random pattern. Cooling the film sets the film's characteristics until it is reheated: this causes it to shrink back toward its initial dimensions.

Prior to orientation, the molecules of a sheet or tube are randomly intertwined like a bowl of spaghetti. The molecules are coiled and twisted and have no particular alignment. However, when a draw force is imposed, the amorphous regions of the chains are straightened and aligned to the direction of orientation. By applying proper cooling, the molecules will be frozen in this state until sufficient heat energy is applied to allow the chains to shrink back. One can visualize this phenomenon by stretching a rubber band and dipping it into liquid nitrogen so as to freeze in the stretched state. The band will remain in this state as long as it is kept at sufficiently cold temperatures. However, when enough heat energy is applied, the rubber band will shrink back to its original relaxed state.

Orientation on a commercial scale can be achieved using either of two processes: a tenterframe or a bubble process. Tenterframe technology is used to produce a variety of &#;heat-set&#; products, with biaxially oriented polypropylene (BOPP) being the most common (heat-setting is a process whereby a film is reheated in a constrained state such that the shrink properties are destroyed).

The second commercial process is the bubble process, sometimes referred to as the tubular process. In this process, a primary tube is produced by either blowing or casting the tube onto an external or internal mandrel, respectively. It is common to use water to help cool the primary tube at this point. After the primary tube has been cooled, it is then reheated and inflated into a second bubble using air much like a balloon is blown. Upon inflation, the tube is oriented in both directions simultaneously.

The family of shrink films has broadened over the years with many multi-layer constructions being sold today. Shrink film attributes include shrink, sealability, optics, toughness, and slip. With regard to shrink properties, there are onset temperature, free shrink, shrink force, shrink temperature range, memory, and overall package appearance.

Use

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Shrink wrapped helicopters for transport Shrink film wrap being applied on a soft drink packing line Shrink wrapped pack of bottles with ends (bulls eyes) as handles

Shrink wrap is applied over or around the intended item, often by automated equipment. It is then heated by a heat gun or sent through a shrink tunnel or oven for shrinking.

Shrink wrap can be supplied in several forms. Flat rollstock can be wrapped around a product, often with heat sealing to tack the film together. Centerfolded film is supplied on a roll with the plastic pre-folded in half, product is placed in the center portion, the remaining three edges are sealed to form a bag, and the package then heated which causes the bag to shrink and conform to the product. Pre-formed plastic shrink bags have one end open, the product is placed in the bag, sealed, and sent for heat shrinking.

Shrink wrap can be used to wrap buildings. It can wrap roofs after hurricanes, earthquakes, tornadoes and other disasters. Shrink wrap can be used for environmental containments to facilitate safe removal of asbestos, lead and other hazards.

Shrink wrap is sometimes used to wrap up books, especially adult-oriented ones and premium comics and manga, mainly to preserve their mint condition, as casual previewing prior to purchase wears or damages stock, rendering it unsaleable.

Vegetables such as cucumbers can be individually shrink wrapped to extend the shelf life.[4]

Software on carriers such as CDs or DVDs are often sold in boxes that are packaged in shrink wrap. The licenses of such software are typically put inside the boxes, making it impossible to read them before purchasing. This has raised questions about the validity of such shrink wrap licenses.

Shrink wrap is commonly used as an overwrap on many types of packaging, including cartons, boxes, beverage cans and pallet loads. Foam cushioning can be held securely in shrink film, eliminating use of a traditional corrugated box.[5] A variety of products may be enclosed in shrink wrap to stabilize the products, unitize them, keep them clean, or add tamper resistance. It can be the primary covering for some foods such as cheese, meats, vegetables and plants. Heat-shrink tubing is used to seal electric wiring.

Shrink bands are applied over parts of packages for tamper resistance or labels. It can be used as a Tamper-evident band.

It can also combine two packages or parts into a Multi-pack.

Shrink wrap is also commonly used within more industrial applications using a heavier weight shrink film. The principles remain the same with a heat shrinking process using a hand held heat gun. The following shrink wrap applications are becoming more widely used and accepted:

• Industrial shrink wrap containment of large plant equipment/components,
• Scaffold wrap containment of buildings/bridges,
• Building temporary shrink wrap structures for storage or other business operational uses,
• Marine shrink wrapping of boats and other vehicles,
• Shrink wrapping of palletized freight[6]

• Disaster contingency and relief projects such as damaged buildings/roofs.

See also

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References

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Further reading

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• Soroka, W, "Fundamentals of Packaging Technology", IoPP, , ISBN 1--25-4
• Yam, K. L., "Encyclopedia of Packaging Technology", John Wiley & Sons, , ISBN 978-0-470--6

ASTM standards

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• D882 Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Thin Plastic Sheeting
• D883 Standard Terminology Relating to Plastics
• D Standard Test Method for Linear Dimensional Changes of Nonrigid Thermoplastic Sheeting or Film at Elevated Temperature
• D Standard Test Method for Static and Kinetic Coefficients of Friction of Plastic Film and Sheeting
• D Standard Test Method for Propagation Tear Resistance of Plastic Film and Thin Sheeting by Pendulum Method
• D Standard Test Method for Unrestrained Linear Thermal Shrinkage of Plastic Film and Sheeting
• D Standard Test Method for Shrink Tension and Orientation Release Stress of Plastic Film and Thin Sheeting

Patent classifications

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• B65D71/10 Wrappers shrunk by heat or under tension, e.g. stretch films or films tensioned by compressed articles and provided with inserts [1]
• B65B61/02 Auxiliary devices, not otherwise provided for, for operating on sheets, blanks, webs, binding material, containers or packages for perforating, scoring, slitting, or applying code or date marks on material prior to packaging [2]

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