Steering fluid leak a bad sign

BRAD BERGHOLDT

Steering Fluid Leak: A Concerning Issue

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Q: I have recently noticed that I need to frequently refill my power steering fluid to prevent unusual noises and stiffness in the steering. I also see a puddle under my parked car, which I believe is fluid leakage. How difficult is it to resolve this issue? Can I fix it myself?

A: Unfortunately, this type of repair typically requires professional intervention. There are four or possibly five potential sources of the leak that we should explore.

Most modern vehicles utilize a belt-driven power-steering pump that generates hydraulic force to assist with steering effort. The power steering fluid comes in various colors, such as clear, amber, pink, red, and darkens over time, changing from brown to black when it is due for replacement. This fluid is pumped to the steering rack or gearbox at pressures that can reach up to several hundred psi.

Passenger cars commonly employ a rack-and-pinion steering system, which consists of a large transverse cylinder located low or centrally within the engine compartment, either just in front of or behind the wheels. In contrast, trucks and some larger or older vehicles use a steering gearbox, which is positioned low or towards the front of the engine cavity on the driver's side. The steering rack directly manipulates the wheels using tie rods, while the steering box employs a drag link and idler arm to interface with the tie rods.

A high-pressure rubber hose links the pump and the steering rack or gearbox, while a low-pressure return hose sends fluid back, sometimes routed through a power-steering cooler, to the pump. Some vehicles additionally feature a separate hose between a remote fluid reservoir and the pump.

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The most favorable scenario, and likely the primary cause of leakage, is a problem with one of these hoses—usually the high-pressure hose. Tightening the clamps on both the reservoir and return-line hoses might provide a temporary solution, but the fittings on the pressure hose are generally crimped and not repairable.

Leaks can also stem from faulty seals within the pump or within the steering rack or gearbox. While a leaking seal might be temporarily remedied with a seal-swelling additive, this is unlikely to serve as a durable fix.

In rare cases, the power-steering cooler could start leaking due to a crack from vibration.

Inspect underneath the vehicle to ascertain the general locus of the leak. Utilize ramps or securely positioned jack stands on level ground—never rely on a singular jack for safety. With the engine off and components cool, clean up any residual fluid, then start the engine and turn the steering wheel back and forth slowly about five times. Afterward, with the engine off and parts cool again, examine for the precise origin of the leakage.

Replacing a hose may be feasible for a DIY mechanic, although some hoses can be challenging to access. Replacing a faulty pump or steering rack or box can be a daunting task and is ideally left to a professional.

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